Health And Social Health Promotion - 5594 Words

Health and Social Care Study Unit 5: P. 1, P.2, M.1 2A.P1 Describe Health Promotion including the purpose and aims Of Different Health Promotion Activities What is health promotion? Health promotion is a process that has been applied to a wide range of approaches to improving health of people, communities and populations of enabling people to increase control over, their health. Health promotion makes it possible for people to increase control on their health and start to improve their health by health promotion. What is its purpose? The purpose of health promotion is to advise people about thinking on how to live healthy. Health promotion should be in health related challenges and issues. An example of an issue that can be targeted by healthy promotion is the incidence obesity problems from this such as cost of NHS of treatment and conditions from increase in obesity related deaths. Aims for health promotion The aim for health promotion is to help an individual of complete physical and social well-being this can cause a change in environment and identify aspirations. -Raise health awareness of: To raise awareness using campaigns of dangers of high blood pressure and how to keep the blood pressure down -Encourage safety and reduce accidents: TV campaign might show a child being hit by car travelling at 40 mph to demonstrate that even speeds quite slow still kill. The aim of this would be to encourage people to drive more slowly and reduce the incidence of such accidents.Show MoreRelatedA Health Promotion And Social Participation Program1955 Words   |  8 Pagespopulation maintain their health, independence, and well-being (de Almeida, Graca, Alfonso, Kearney Gibney, 2001). There is a plethora of evidence-based research supporting the fact that good nutrition, physical activity, and social participation are essential for the functional and psychosocial health, self-sufficiency, and well-being of aging seniors (Jones, Kimberlee, Deave Evans, 2013). The purpose of this community-built proposal is to create a health promotion and social participation programRead MoreHealth Promotion Model And Theories Of Social Cognitive Theory Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesHealth Promotion Model and Theories Social Cognitive Theory, Health Belief Model, and Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change are the three models I chose to discuss. An electronic database searched was completed. Three articles were chosen to summarize and discuss each of the above models. Social Cognitive Theory The article by Son et al. (2011) studies the effect of social cognitive factors among middle-aged and older adults’ leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) participation. The socialRead MoreEarly Life As A Social Determinant Of Health1503 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion 1: The definition of early life as a social determinant of health given by Rumbold and Dickson-Swift is â€Å"A good start in life means supporting mothers and young children.† (Rumbold Dickson-Swift, 2012, p. 180). Early life describes the period from prenatal development to eight years of age, and is a time of remarkable brain growth and development, this period establishes the foundations for subsequent development and learning (Siddiqi, Irwin, Hertzman, 2007). As this period is consideredRead MoreHealth Promotion Of The Elderly1585 Words   |  7 PagesThe World Health Organization defines health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (W.H.O., 2003). To promote health is a global responsibility that begins with oneself. In order to first achieve personal health, one has to be educated on the aspects of health. Clinicians, more specifically, Nurses can use health promotion techniques during interactions with patients and the population. Health promotion as defined byRead MoreHealth And Person Centred Care996 Words   |  4 Pagesessay will discuss Health and Person Centred-Care, what it is, and how in adult nursing field it is relevant and promoted and put in action. Through the factors such as lay health belief, health, health promotion person centred care. These influence of lay health belief of people’s attitudes and values that will be e ncounter in the field of practise. An aspect of care is the lay believes of people. Naidoo. J, Wills. J. (2009) Lay concept of heath is the obvious views of health which are passed fromRead MoreHealth Promotion in Nursing Care Essays1015 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Promotion in Nursing Care Margaret Brzoza Lauer Grand Canyon University: NRS 429v October 16, 2011 Health Promotion in Nursing Care The three levels of health promotion and prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention education. Primary health care promotion focuses on making individuals, families, and communities aware of health related issues and provides education on alternatives for a healthy lifestyle. Secondary health care promotion provides the screening necessaryRead MoreHealthpromotion.Docx1.656 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: Health Promotion Health Promotion Tina Butler Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Kimberly Stout July 28, 2012 Health Promotion The responsibility to increase quality and years of healthy living can be challenging, each individual as well as the United States Health Care Delivery System plays an important role in improving our Nations health. â€Å"Health promotion is defined as helping people to discover the interactions between their core passionRead MoreBSHE 500 Take Home Exam 1 Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The social ecological framework was presented in class as providing many possible avenues for research and program implementation.   Using the required readings and lectures, write about the pros and cons of a social ecological framework for understanding health behaviors and designing health promotion programs. Your analysis should lead to a conclusion about the framework. The social ecological framework comprises of person-focused and environment-focused interventions designed to promote healthRead MoreHealth Promotion793 Words   |  4 Pagesnow shifted to health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as the â€Å"process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† Health promotion focuses on changes to a community as well as an individuals health by modifying their behaviors to strive for optimal health, which The American Journal of Health Promotion defines as beingRead MoreEssay on Health Promotion1354 Words   |  6 PagesHealth promotion and teaching are important tools for nursing. By promoting health and health teaching, nurses can help lay the foundation for a healthier future. Major Concepts and Definitions BeliefÂâ€"a statement of sense, declared or implied, that is intellectually and/or emotionally accepted as true by a person or group. AttitudeÂâ€"a relatively constant feeling, predisposition, or a set of beliefs that is directed toward an object, a person, or a situation. ValueÂâ€"a preference

Deaf Art Is More Than Just A Painting Or Drawing - 1715 Words

Deaf Art Deaf art is more than just a painting or drawing. So, what exactly is Deaf art? Deaf art is something that can bring together the Deaf Community. The feelings that the Deaf experience are now brought onto a canvas. Art plays a huge role in the Deaf community. After all, the Deaf are thought of as the best visual people. Deaf artists bring their Deaf pride and pour their hearts out into their art works. They are great role models to the people in their community. The first Deaf artists from America started in the 1760’s through the early 1800’s. Most of these artists painted portraits of American settlers in wanting to be recognized. There were no art museums or schools, so they taught themselves. These artists tried making their living by painting portraits for the wealthy people. Their artworks were not much different from the hearing world’s artwork at the time since there was not a â€Å"Deaf culture† that was developed yet. Most Deaf artists did not even know of another Deaf person at that time. The more American developed, the more Deaf schools were being established. Artists started to study art in France and Europe. Many of their arts reflected European styles because of this. As more Deaf schools established, many Deaf communities formed a Deaf culture and emerged. The artists in the communities made their artworks reflecting their lifestyle and surroundings. Deaf art is now well known within the Deaf culture. Many Deaf artists use their life experiencesShow MoreRelatedFrancisco Goya1976 Words   |  8 PagesThrough his art, Francisco Goya relayed his feelings toward the political unrest that plagued Spain during his lifetime. As an artist of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Goya lived through a time of political and social upheaval, especially throughout Europe. At the time, the ideas of the Enlightenment had captivated the minds of Spain’s most influential citizens and soon, that of Goy a’s. Born in Fuendetodos, Spain, in 1746, Francisco Goya came from very humble beginnings. As theRead MoreStudent Essay4070 Words   |  17 Pagesturns makes this more effective. As soon as you want to finish make sure you make them feel valued by making eye contact and good expressions. (Smiling and waving) Group Communication This contains the same issues as one to one communication; it only works well if people want to be involved, some people feel threatened when they speak in a group if there speaking formally. It is not the same as one-to-one as there are a number of different people that speak, this makes it more complex. The groupRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 PagesCalifornia Preschool Learning Foundations Volume 2 CALIFORNIA DEPAR TMENT OF EDUCATION †¢ SACRAMENTO, 2010 California Preschool Learning Foundations Volume 2 Visual and Performing Arts Physical Development Health Publishing Information The California Preschool Learning Foundations (Volume 2) was developed by the Child Development Division, California Department of Education. This publication was edited by Faye Ong, working in cooperation with Laura Bridges and DesireeRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pages(break up, break down analysis, etc.), would more easily be translated by segmenting when used in the linguistic sense, and by dà ©coupage when used to describe the final stage of a shooting script. Michael Taylor also coined the expression mirror construction to translate construction en abà ®me, to describe embedded narrative structures like a film within a film. This is not really very accurate but I have not found any solution better than embedded structure; see his explanation on pageRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pagesreally serious about getting a perfect 12, I recommend a minimum of five examples. When picking your evidence, go for variety. For example, pick one sports star, one adventurer, and one historical event. Studying a variety of evidence will give you more options to deal with unexpected prompts, and will make your essay stand out when the grader takes a look at it. No matter how you use this special report, you’ve made the right decision, and I’m proud of you for preparing ahead of time for the SATRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages the demographic analysis may have this comment: ‘A large baby boomer generation is now becoming more health-conscious. This presents opportunities in health foods and healthy alternatives for conventional foods. It also presents opportunities for low-fat ice creams.’ Or, in analysing the demographics of the Cochlearâ„ ¢ ï ¬ rm, you may conclude that there is a global market of 1.8 million profoundly deaf people and that this provides a huge undeveloped market for the implantable hearing devices industryRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesand misguided before its powerful social and political ideas were fully appreciated. Most important, however, was the Rastafarian insistence that Africa was the promised land and that Jamaicans should look to Africa for their model of value rather than to Europe, which was seen as foolish and a painful reminder of slavery and oppression. Rasta was an offense to those who wanted to deny the African part of their heritage. And the truth is also that in Jamaica at that time the privileging of lighter-skinnedRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesUnited States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Kerzner, Harold. Project management : case studies I Harold Kerzner. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references andRead MoreW1 Active Adj14109 Words   |  57 PagesNetwork shows that these 3000 most frequent words in spoken and written English account for 86% of the language. This means that by knowing this list of words, a learner of English is in a position to understand 86% or more of what he or she reads. Of course, â€Å"knowing † a word involves more than simply being able to recognise it and know a main meaning of it. Many of the most frequent words have a range of different meanings, a variety of different grammatical patterns, and numerous significant collocationsRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesAshley Summers Technology Project Manager: Colin Blake Marketing Manager: Joe Rogove Marketing Assistant: Jennifer Liang Marketing Communications Manager: Jessica Perry Project Manager, Editorial Production: Jennifer Risden Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Vernon Boes Print Buyer: Karen Hunt Permissions Editor: Isabel Alves Production Service: Newgen–Austin Text Designer: Stuart Paterson Photo Researcher: Gretchen Miller Copy Editor: Nancy Dickson Illustrator: Jade Myers; Newgen–India Cover

Computer Numerical Control Machines - 763 Words

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines Introduction Computer Numerical Control machines (aka CNC) is automatic milling machines that produce industrial components without human support. They utilize pre-programmed set of commands that are sent to an internal computer, which facilitates industrial units to manufacture parts precisely and rapidly. There are various types of CNC machines from drills to plasma cutters available in the market to manufacture extensive range of components. However mostly they are designed for industrial use, but for domestic use, smaller forms of these devices are also available. Types of Machines The most familiar types of CNC devices are milling machines, lathes, and grinders. Milling machines cut materials (such as metal) automatically. These machines have a cutting spindle; it moves to shape material with the directions of the computer commands. These machines are mainly useful in making detailed cuttings in symmetrical parts, such as cylinders and cones. Grinders grind down materials, and turn metal or plastic into the required shape, using a spinning wheel. They can also be programmed easily. CNC routers are useful in cutting various materials; computer programmed turret punches are used to create holes in plastic or metal. Programming and Operation The code used to program CNC machines, is broadly known as G-Code. It has all the necessary instructions for the machine like where and how to positionShow MoreRelatedThe Eras of PC Advancement1455 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: The historical backdrop of PC advancement is regularly alluded to in reference to the diverse eras of registering apparatuses. Each of the five eras of machines is portrayed by a real mechanical improvement that at heart changed the way workstations work, bringing about progressively more modest, less expensive, all the more effective and more productive and solid registering units. In this Webopedia reference article youll research each of the five eras of workstationsRead MoreThe Generation Of Offset Curves1052 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Metalworking is one of the oldest occupations of humankind. At the beginning of last century metalworking machine tools were invented and these were controlled by an operator who performed all the movements of the tool in order to obtain the final parts. Nowadays, metalworking using machine tools is one of the most important activities to support industries development and the most important of these industries is the automotive industry. The main purpose of this paper is to investigateRead MoreEssay on Computer Programming Languages: Fortran1158 Words   |  5 Pagescalled the object code, which is usually binary. Object code is code that the computer or program can understand. Basically, programming languages are for us to be able to create programs and control a computer in a simpler way instead of using what the computer understands, object code. There are different levels of programming languages; the main ones being human language, high-level language, assembly language, and machine language. Human language is the various programming languages we use such asRead MoreCnc and Dnc1616 Words   |  7 PagesCNC amp; NC machines NC machines In a  Numerical  Control machine, the program is fed to the machine through magnetic tapes or other such media. The original NC machines were essentially basic machine tools which were modified to have motors for movement along the axes.   CNC machines In a  Computer  Numerical  Controlled machine, the machines are interfaced with computers. This makes them more versatile in the sense that, suppose a change in dimension of a part is required. In a NC machine, you wouldRead MoreComputer Technology Past, Present And Future1369 Words   |  6 PagesBelita Ross English 1301 Rowell 11/06/15 Final Essay Computer Technology-Past, Present and Future. Nothing better describes modern life better than the computer. For better or worse, computers are apart of every aspect in our society. Today computers do much more than just read data: supermarket scanners calculate our grocery bill while checking store inventory; computerized telephone switching centers make sure that millions of calls and lines are not being tangled up or over-whelmed ; and atmsRead MoreEssay about Robotics and Automation in Industries1637 Words   |  7 Pages When people think of robots, an image of a mechanical, stiff, talking, moving, human-like machine might come to mind. Robots are, in fact, computerized machines that are ultimately utilized to simplify larger scale tasks. They include control machines, computer controllers, or microprocessor based automated systems just to name a few. The ultimate goal of industrial engineering is to expedite processes; therefore, with such developed and modern technology, the manufacturing process is more efficientRead M oreEvolution of Computer Technology1581 Words   |  7 Pagesof inventions made by different people into modern forms. Single inventors rarely bring out modern invention. What we have now as electronic devices (the computers) are inventions of several scientists, mathematicians and engineers from different centuries. For the purpose of this mini research key terms like evolution, technology and computer shall be considered, not forgetting to take a careful look at the evolution of these inventions from different centuries/years to our present generation startingRead MoreSecurity Assessment : Digital Communications Technologies Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesdone at the hospital. †¢ Signing into the hospital outlook account (unattended/ email account left open) †¢ Important documents scanned and stored in the hospital computer (high risk for theft). †¢ Use of identification badge to access patient confidential information †¢ Swiping a card for debit/credit card transactions in the EDC machine (cards with or without chip are equally at risk) †¢ Handing over the debit/credit card for payment with the waiter. †¢ Use of debit/ credit cards for online shoppingRead MoreComputers Can Not Only Bring Us A Great Diversity Of Benefit1282 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction After several decades of development, computers have changed a lot. Nowadays, it is quite hard to work without any assistance of computers in most areas, even some traditional fields, such as agriculture, tourism, education etc. A computer is defined as â€Å"a general-purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically† (â€Å"Computer,† 2015). In other words, it is a device which can solve some sort of problems through calculating data orRead MoreHistory of Computers875 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Computers Table of Contents Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â….2 AbstractÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…3 Body of ResearchÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 - 6 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…7 BibliographyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aikens Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report, I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty years, computers

Organizational Theory and Behavior Essay - 626 Words

Organizational Theory and Behavior Homework #3 October 9, 2007 What advancement barriers did Lisa encounter? Although Lisa Weber was a highly qualified, ambitious analyst for the firm, she never had a chance for advancement because of that glass ceiling. The idea of becoming a partner was always visible, but never attainable because of the various obstacles she had to face. The same obstacles most women face when trying to climb the corporate ladder. Several barriers stood in Lisa’s path of becoming a partner. One such barrier was the fact that even though her credentials, commendations, and work ethic were extremely high, she was never respected by the CEO, Michael Breyer, as someone who deserved to be on an executive level. His†¦show more content†¦Lisa was a vital asset to the company. She brought in new business, her accounts were prosperous, and her opinion was coveted on a daily basis by partners that she longed to be equal with. What type of organizational policies and opportunities might have benefited Lisa and Pamela? One organizational policy that would have benefited Lisa and Pamela is a zero tolerance of discrimination, whether it is sexual, racial, age, or gender. Most companies today would not have tolerated the way these women were treated. Not only because it is not right, but because of the negative publicity it would cause if one of these women were to bring a discrimination charge up against the company. One accusation of discrimination or harassment against a company is usually the catalyst for whatever else may be hiding behind those closed doors. What could the organization do to raise the gender consciousness of Michael Breyer and Lisa’s male colleagues? One thing the organization could do to raise the gender consciousness would be to do an ongoing series of sensitivity training for all staff. Along with this training would be annual assessment seminars that will teach people the different types of discrimination and harassment and the steps they need to take when such a situation is posed upon them. In the Cancer center where I am employed, women make up nearly 70% of the managerial and supervisory staff in all departments. At the executive level they only make upShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Organizational Behavior1861 Words   |  8 PagesIn organizational behavior, there are many topics researched. Motivation happens to be the most researched (Robbins Judge, 2014, p. 96). According to Robbins and Judge (2014), motivation includes the processes accounting for a person’s intensity, persistence of effort, and direction toward completing a goal (p. 97). The three concepts capturing the essence of motivation include hope, action, and vision. Pinder’s (2008) findings explained the following: Hope is one of many energizing internalRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Behavior6990 Words   |  28 PagesOrganizational Theory and Behavior  © 1993, David S. Walonick, Ph.D. Classical Organization Theory Classical organization theory evolved during the first half of this century. It represents the merger of scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Frederick Taylor (1917) developed scientific management theory (often called Taylorism) at the beginning of this century. His theory had four basic principles: 1) find the one best way to perform each task, 2) carefullyRead MoreTheories of Organizational Behavior10512 Words   |  43 PagesRevisiting the Classical theories Introduction Organization indexes considerably more than the structures that lifts us out of ‘bare life’. Organization is also intimately, and utterly, connected to thought. While many, and by no means just those in the West, think of themselves as ‘free’ from enslavement by others, and even free from the organization of the state, who can argue that they are also free from the pervasive effects of language, culture and science? These are matters into whichRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Theory : Trait Theory1373 Words   |  6 Pages Organizational Behavior Theory: Trait Theory Michael Sinnett MGT500 – Organizational Behavior Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Larry Key September 24, 2017â€Æ' Organizational Behavior Theory: Trait Theory There are so many aspects that make up human behavior. For example, a person s environment and their genetics are a couple of aspects that make up an individual s behavior. Therefore, it would make sense that when you have a group of individuals together there would be just asRead MoreApplying Organizational Behavior Theory? Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesApplying Organizational Behavior Theory Ahmed Salman Argosy University September, 23, 2015 Applying Organizational Behavior Theory Introduction Organizational behavior entails the study of individual and also group performance and their interactions and ability to work in groups. It aims at identifying major problems that affects performance within the teams to work together, in a bid to develop a more efficient business operation (Hiriyappa, 2009). It relies heavily on organizational culturesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Theory Essay3878 Words   |  16 PagesMGT 332 Organizational Behavior Theory Worksheet – Chapter 5 Name_____________________________________________ Banner# ____________________________ Date: ______________   Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Directions: Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1.  _____ represent(s) complex, patterned, organismic reactions to how we think we are doing in our lifelong efforts to survive and flourish and to achieve what we wish for ourselves.   A.  Self-efficacy B.  Skills C.  IntelligenceRead MoreQuestions On Organizational Theory And Behavior1459 Words   |  6 Pages COURSE: ORGANISATIONAL THEORY AND BEHAVIOR COURSE CODE: MGT 4020 INSTRUCTOR: DR. SIKALEI DAMARY GROUP ONE INTERNET EXERCISE: ORGANISATIONAL CONTEXT: DESIGN AND CULTURE MEMBERS ID NO GITATA IAN MWANGI 639068 MBEERA KEITH 641323 NDERITU SUSAN NJERI Read MoreOrganizational Behavior- Motivation Theories1023 Words   |  5 Pagesformal groups, the behaviors that one should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organizational goals. Informal groups are alliances that are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. These groups are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. (Pages 123-124) 135. Differentiate the terms role identity, role perception, and role expectation. There are certain attitudes and actual behaviors consistent with aRead MoreThe Theory, Organizational Behaviors, And The Interconnectedness Of Employees1221 Words   |  5 Pagesculture and behaviors from an occurred situation. This includes the organization realizing a repeated pattern of behaviors that is not growing or helping the organization in the right direction. When organizations admit to certain truths or facts and acknowledge flawed behaviors, then change can start. Organizations attempt to change by restructuring and reorganizing the company. Organizations learn only through individuals who learn. Individual learning does not guarantee organizational learning butRead MoreManagement, Organizational Behavior, And The Systems Theory963 Words   |  4 Pagesbut contemporary approaches to management aim to do just that. The sociotechnical theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, a nd the systems theory all work in different ways to maintain a sort of balance within the businesses internal, competitive and macroenviroments. Keeping all areas of the open system balanced is essential for any manager to have a successful business. The sociotechnical theory was developed in the early 1950’s and was designed to refine the social environment

John Lock’Es View on Innate Knowledge Free Essays

Innate ideas John Locke, a renowned English philosopher in the seventeenth century, argued against the pre-existing prevalent belief of innate knowledge, such as those led by Descartes. Many of Locke’s arguments begin with criticisms on philosophers’ opinion on innate knowledge, notably Descartes. Therefore, many of Locke’s arguments are direct rebuttals of Descartes and other philosophers’ beliefs about the existence of innate knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on John Lock’Es View on Innate Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now To arrive at the conclusion that innate knowledge is impossible, Locke comes with various premises and rebuttals that add weight to his arguments. First, Locke emphasizes that knowledge and ideas are learned through experience, not innately. He argues that people’s minds at birth are ‘blank slate’ that is later filled through experience. Here, the ‘senses’ play an important role because ‘the knowledge of some truths, as Locke confesses, is very in the mind; but in a way that shows them not to be innate’. By this, Locke argues that some ideas are actually in the mind from an early age but these ideas are furnished by the senses starting in the womb. For example, the color blue and the blueness’ of something is not that which is learned innately but is some is learned through exposures to a blue object or thing. So if we do have a universal understanding of ‘blueness’, it is because we are exposed to blue objects ever since we were young. The blue sky is what many would acquaint with blue easily and at a young age. Second, Locke argues that people have no innate pr inciples. Locke contended that innate principles rely upon innate ideas within people but such innate ideas do not exist. He says this on the basis that there is no ‘universal consent’ that everyone agrees upon. Locke quotes that ‘There is nothing more commonly taken for granted that there are certain principles universally agreed upon by all mankind, but there are none to which all mankind give a universal assent’. This argues against the very foundation of the idea of innate knowledge because principles that garner universal assent are thought to be known innately, simply because it is the best explanation available. However, it cannot even be an explanation for such belief because no ‘universal consent’ exists. Rationalists argue that there are in fact ome principles that are universally agreed upon, such as the principle of identity. But it is far-fetched to claim that everyone knows this principle of identity because for the least, children and idiots, the less-intelligent ones are not acquainted with it. There are several objections to these premises and arguments that are outlined above. The argument by Locke that there are some ideas that are in the mind at an early age gives credence to argument for the innate ideas. For ideas to be furnished by the senses later on there has to be ideas that are laid as foundations. If such ideas are innate, as acknowledged by Locke, no matter how trivial or less significant these ideas may be as one may argue, such claim could give weight to the idea of innate knowledge. Innate knowledge or ideas, after all, doesn’t imply that all ideas are innate because as one can see, there are things that we learn through our experiences and encounters in life as well. So as long as there is even the basic principle that is innate early in life, then innate knowledge can be known to exist. The validity behind the claim that there is no ‘universal consent’ is also questionable. Locke argues that no principle that all mankind agrees upon exists because there are those who are not acquainted with such principle, notably children and idiots. However, the terms children and idiots are somewhat misguided. How are children and especially the idiots categorized? Is there a specific criteria used for those who are classified as idiots? It is hard to generalize that idiots or those who are deemed less intelligent are not acquainted with certain principles because at times, intelligence is not the best indicator of someone’s knowledge or ideas. There are many intelligent people out there who take their status for granted and do not think, contemplate or make an effort to their best extent. The objections that are made against the initial arguments can be defended in certain ways. Regarding the objection that since there are innate ideas in the mind at an early age, innate knowledge exists, the term ‘innate’ should be thought of again in greater detail. Innate knowledge has to be significant enough for us to recount to be considered such. Thus, there comes a risk with considering the ideas within our minds early on as innate. For example, the knowledge of our hands and feet maybe imbedded to us at a very early stage. The knowledge of using our hands and feet are not so significant. The knowledge that we gain through our use of hands and feet could be vital knowledge that we may recount throughout. Throwing a baseball properly under a coach’s instructions is an example. Also, there is the claim that intelligence cannot be the sole indicator of one’s acquisition of ‘universal consent’ and that there isn’t a clear distinction of those who can understand universal principles to those who cannot. However, the important focus here should not be on defining ‘idiots’ and intelligence but on that universal consent is hard to be assembled by every single mankind. Therefore, more should be considered than just innate knowledge that could garner universal consent. Empirical principles that are derived from experience could garner universal assent too. For example, the fear of ‘dying’ or ‘getting seriously injured’ could mean that people would not jump out the roof from tall buildings. And this belief could be universal among all. How to cite John Lock’Es View on Innate Knowledge, Papers

Australian Human Rights Commission Amendment in Akiba Case

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Human Rights Commission for Amendment in Akiba Case. Answer: Akiba v Commonwealth (2013) 250 CLR 209 The state of Queensland and the Commonwealth assumed that the consecutive lawmaking administration since 1877 and 1950 had extinguished the rights of Torres Strait Communities. Right includes usage of fish for marketable uses, for amending command, business, and utilization of the living resources within the areas of indigenous identification. On making a request, the High Court of Australia stated that such laws were constant with the ongoing appreciation of the aboriginal identification privileges to fish for marketable reason. As per the Judge, the ruling does not require either the Commonwealth or Queensland to reallocate the commercial fishing permits, or makes it compulsory that the claimants of the national name should be given a definite number of permits. Basically, the only instant effect was that the privileges which were related to marketable fishing would now be subjected to the procedures of the Restricted Future Act in the Native Title Act. However, such type of issues would be negotiated rather than observed in the narrow lawful framework of Traditional character. Further, it must be recognized that there was already a very active aboriginal marketable fishery in the Torres Strait. The practical issue which was raised by this Judgment presented a valuable opportunity to open up discussions and also to show the successful marketable fishing by customary owners. So, an appeal was made to the High Court for the appreciation of traditional character privileges to use capital (fish) for profitable rationale in resident headed district. In this case, it was observed that the broader specification of Native identification of civil liberties was evident. The High Court of Australia stated that native privileges and benefits would include a privilege to use wealth and to make use of such capital in the native title claim area.[1] Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner acknowledged that the privileges related to the commercial fishing were significant to the aboriginal individuals of the state; not for the reason that they were customary privileges but for the reason that they were internal to the financial growth of the aboriginal society. The conclusion, which was subjected after more than a decade of legal action, in scripts for the first time the identification of marketable native title privileges by the High Court.[2] It also makes an exciting chance to encourage considerations about putting together all the aquatic privileges, power of aboriginal and marketable growth not only in the Straits, but across the state. A number of third parties acquired a cross argument in this case. These were individuals who had similar and family connection and inherited employment relation with the indigenous designation holders. They were looking for appreciation of their privileges. The court discarded this cross declaration communicating that even though these connections under the Islander law and civilization were very genuine and well-built but these were give-and-take privileges as privileges of a private identity reliant upon the position and not privileges in relation to waters. Judgments of the Case: In a common judgment furnished in two judgments of the High Court established the appellant. As per the Judgments of the matters like Yanner v Eaton and the Commonwealth v Yarmirr it was affirmed that the Commonwealth Fisheries Act 1952 and the Queensland Fisheries Act 1887, need obligatory authorization of the fishing stimulated. It neither destroys the connection of the individual to the property nor the native title package of privileges. In the Judgment of Yanner it was upheld a test as that asked: If the indigenous identification privilege would be utilized it could not be exercised without abrogating the constitutional privilege, by essential suggestion, the law extinguishes the accessible privilege. But it also establishes that a particular utilization of a national title privilege can be limited or forbidden by law exclusive of that privilege or benefit. The second ruling upheld that the key finding, though, they posited that it was not the personal thinking of law makers which was significant but rather it was the matter of discrepancy between the law and the aboriginal title privileges. In answering this Judgment it was observed that there was an indigenous identification liberty to take fish. The idea for captivating fish was not at concern, and change of focal point from right to action led to fault in this case by the inferior court. It also observed that the laws were synchronized but did not destroy the Indigenous Title privileges. In 2010, the Federal Court prepared willpower of the indigenous Title which affirmed the rights of the native tile apprehended by the societies. It discarded the appellants declaration that definite mutual privileges were the privileges in connection to property or water. They were then regarded as the indigenous title privileges. Nevertheless, the Court did incorporate the indigenous identification privilege to use capital in the native title areas, which included the liberty to take fish for the profitable reasons. The appellant established at this point that the marketable fishing would need the attainment of constitutional permits. The First respondent pleads the pronouncement to the court in connection to the indigenous title liberty to take fish. The appellant cross pleaded in connection to the termination that the mutual privileges were not the native title privileges and benefits. The Court permitted the first respondents petition, pronouncing that Commonwealth and Queensland legal systems had extinguished any traditional character privilege to take fish for marketable uses. The appellants cross- petition was discarded. The appellant was pleased by the Special Leave to the High Court. The High Court stated that the laws barring marketable fishing without a permit was constant with the sustained subsistence of the traditional identity privileges to take fish in the indigenous title areas. The Court also established that the mutual privileges declared by the appellant were the privileges of a private nature reliant upon the rank, and not the privileges which were connected with the waters the theme of the indigenous title determination.[3] The High Court decision came up as a milestone win for the Torres Strait Islander groups, marking the first time profitable native title privileges which were recognized at this point.[4] It handed over its decision holding commonly that Commonwealth and Queensland laws putting restriction on taking fish for the viable use did not destroy the native title liberty of definite Torres Strait Communities to take capital from the defined regions. The appellant materialized on behalf of the group of Island Communities in the area of Torres Strait, who had been fighting since 2001 for a determination of native title over a section of water in that part. The societies have sought to declare their fishing liberties in order to construct a financial pedestal for their citizens. Recommendation 8-1 offers that a new section 223(2)(b) should be passed to elucidate that the native title rights and benefits may comprise, but were not restricted to, stalking, meeting, fishing and operating privileges and benefits.[5] Currently, Section 223(2) affirms that the privileges and benefits include stalking, meeting, or fishing, privileges and benefits.[6] Without limiting subsection 1 of the Act, this advice was proposed to provide result to the code of a broadly specified native title right as recognized in this case. It also addresses the terms of reference which ask whether there should be clarification that the native title benefits and privileges can include the liberties and welfare of a profitable nature. The ALRC recommended that the existing section 223(2) should be repealed and approval of a new subsection has to be done, without preventing the operation of section 223(1) and 211 of the Native title Act. Native title has been regarded as the very foundation of the aboriginal religion, culture, and well-being. It has also been considered as the privilege over the property which reflects the connection with the property. A recognized human right can be measured as the non- discriminatory protector of Native Title.[7] National identity describes the acknowledgment granted by the Australian legal system of privileges and benefit of the indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people to land and water. The privileges and the benefits were being recognized as per their customary rules and civilizations. It was primarily recognized in the Australian legal system in 1992 in the Mabo decision by High Court.[8][9] It may include privileges of ownership, profession, usage, and gratification of the customary country. National identity may contain the privilege to enter a region of a particular property or the privilege to contribute in pronouncements regarding the use of land and water done by other individuals. In accordance with the civil liberties which were being granted to other people it may vary from Person to person. It may also exist in correlation with other rights. National identity could not be purchased or sold out. It can only be conveyed by customary regulations or customs. It can also be waived out to the administration, which could then reimburse damages to the title holders in the same manner as it does while obtaining privileges to the other land. Under the Act, the Federal Court of Australia has been held as accountable for the administration and determination of all the requests related with the native title.[10] Native title and its privileges interests were being defined in s 223(1) of the Indigenous Identification Act.[11] The matter of native title liberties and welfare were being established in harmony with the customary rules and customs of the native title claim group.[12] It has been defined as the collective, group or person liberties benefit of the indigenous citizens or Islanders in relation to property water, where: The privileges and the benefits were being possessed under the customary laws which were being acknowledged, and the customary beliefs which were observed by the indigenous people; and The indigenous people or islanders by such regulations and civilizations had a relation with property and water; and The privileges and benefits were being recognized by the common law of Australia. Section 223(2) affirms that a non- comprehensive list of some native title privileges and benefits.[13] Section 225 of the Act involves a determination of the character and degree of the native title liberties and benefits that were being predictable. The terms of reference asked the ALRC to scrutinize the relation necessities generally, but specifically to examine four different options in order to reform in how native title has been proved and determined. The options were: Assumption of stability of recognition and execution of conventional rules, traditions, and associations; To allow the meaning of traditional for evolution and adaptation of culture recognition of native title human rights and benefits some clarifications should be made and; Authentication should be done affirming that link with the land and waters does not need physical employment or continued or recent usage; and Disregard with substantial interruption have been empowered by courts and transformation in permanence of recognition and adherence of conventional rules and traditions where it was done in the interests of fairness. The ALRC was being invited to inspect that whether the Native Title Act would be illuminated to afford that native title privileges and benefits could include the privileges and benefits of a profitable nature.[14] Chapter 8 of the ALRC draws out the relevant laws in the Native Title Act and the case laws to grant a context for advice.[15] It also makes out an approach which was taken in Akiba v Commonwealth.[16] In this case it has been suggested that Section 223(2) of the Act should be amended to affirm that the native title privileges benefits should include a broadly framed right. The right may be implemented for any reason, such as marketable and non- marketable purposes which were being sustained by evidence such as finding. The Act should also grant a non- extensive list of various types of native title rights and benefits, such as business rights and interests. Australian Law Reform Commission suggests that the terms such as Marketable uses and business should not be described in the Act. The potential for the cultural knowledge to be considered as a national identity privilege and benefit were being discussed, and in furtherance the assessment of the issue was also suggested. References: Australian Human Rights Commission, Native Title, (2015) https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/projects/native-title Australian Law Reform Commission, Australian Government, Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (ALRC Report 126), (4 June 2015) https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/alrc126 Australian Law Reform Commission, Australian Government, Connection to Country: Review of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) FINAL REPORT ALRC Report 126 (Chapter 8), (April 2015) https://www.alrc.gov.au/sites/default/files/pdfs/publications/alrc_126_final_report.pdf Australian Law Reform Commission, Australian Government, The Nature and Content of Native Title Australian law Reform Commission, The Nature and Content of Native Title, (2016) https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/summary-25 Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, Australasian Legal Information Institute, Nativa Title Act 1993 - SECT 223 David Cormack, Akiba On Behalf Of The Torres Strait Regional Seas Claim Group V Commonwealth Of Australia [2013] HCA 33, (7 AUGUST 2013) https://www.barristerdirect.com.au/akiba-on-behalf-of-the-torres-strait-regional-seas-claim-group-v-commonwealth-of-australia-2013-hca-33-7-august-2013/ Diane Bell, Alternative Law Journal Native Title fishing rights not extinguished by state legislation, (2016) https://www.altlj.org/news-and-views/downunderallover/duao-vol-39-1/667-native-title-fishing-rights-not-extinguished-by-state-legislation Federal Court of Australia, Characterizing Native Title Rights: a Desert Rose by Any Other Name, (2-4 June 2014) https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/publications/judges-speeches/justice-perry/perry-j-20140604 Federal Court of Australia, Native Title Guide, (2015) https://www.fedcourt.gov.au/law-and-practice/areas-of-law/native-title Finn J, Determination of native title Akiba on behalf of the Torres Strait Islanders of the Regional Seas Claim Group v Queensland (No 2) [2010] FCA 643, (2 July 2010) https://www.nntt.gov.au/News-and-Publications/hotspots/Documents/Hot%20Spots%2033/Akiba%20v%20Queensland%20No%202%20[2010]%20FCA%20643.pdf HIGH COURT OF AUSTRALIA, Akiba on behalf of the Torres Strait Regional Seas Claim Group v Commonwealth of Australia [2013] HCA 33, (7 Aug 2013) https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2013/HCA/33 Jeff Kildea, Native Title: A Simple Guide A Paper for those who wish to understand Mabo , the Native Title Act, Wik and the Ten Point Plan, (July 1998) https://www.hrca.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/native-title-a-simple-guide.pdf Lauren Butterly, Unfinished Business in the Straits: Akiba v Commonwealth of Australia [2013] HCA 33, IndigLawB 34; (2013) 8(8) Indigenous Law Bulletin 3(2013). Native title, (2016) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/nta1993147/s223.html Sean Brennan, Megan Davis, Brendan Edgeworth and Leon Terrill, The Idea of Native Title as a Vehicle for Change and Indigenous Empowerment, (2016) https://www.federationpress.com.au/marketing/SiteResources/Supplements/Brennan_NativeTitle_Chapter1.pdf Shaunnagh Dorsett and Shaun McVeigh, Section 223 and the Shape of Native Title in Lisa Ford and Tim Rowse (eds), Between Indigenous and Settler Governance 162, (Routledge, 2013) file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/Lisa_Ford_and_Tim_Rowse_eds_Between_Indi.pdf Summary,(2016) https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/summary-25

Project Management Practices on Implementation

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Practices on Implementation. Answer: Introduction: Project management is an endeavour that is taken through the application of knowledge and methods as well as expertise to achieve certain identified objectives. Projects can be successful or unsuccessful depending on how they are managed. Successful projects are those that meet the desired objectives while failed projects are those that are not able to meet the desired objectives (Collins 2011). It is the desire of every project team to ensure the success of a project. Australia has had both successful and unsuccessful projects .Clen Jones Tunnel project also known as North South Bypass is a motor way road under Brisbane river whose construction began in the year 2006 and was completed in 2010.The idea of the project had however been proposed much earlier in the year 2001 by Jim Soorley who was the then Labor Lord Mayor. The Tunnel was named by Brisbane county council in honour of former Lord Mayor .It was majorly constructed to ease traffic in the central business district of the rapidly growing city in order to save on the total travel time for travellers. It also provided an alternative for crossing river Brisbane. The tunnel has 18 Bridges and 4.8 Km tunnel and has two traffic lanes on either side. Despite having faced a number of challenges the project can be said to have been a success because its initial objective of reducing traffic and saving on travel time was achieved. Factors for success of the project Just like any other project, there are a number of factors that contributed to the success of this project. The most significant among these factors are resources both monetary and human resources. Resources are the number one consideration in any given project that is because without resources, projects would only remain on paper and would never be implemented. (Maylor 2010) For any project Money is almost everything. Without sufficient funding a projects will stall mid way before its completion and will not be able to meet its objectives .The project was sufficiently funded having cost the Australian Government a whopping $ 3.2 Billion . Although there were initial complaints about this cost being too high it at least enabled the successful implementation of the project in time. This money was necessary for purchasing of equipment, paying of wages and salaries for the people working on the tunnel, fuelling machines and vehicles used in the construction among other things. Each tunn elling machine was constructed at a tune of $50 million. Conveyors were used for removing soil and rock which were later taken away by trucks .In a day there were more than 25 trucks of Rock and soil transported .This means that there were transportation and fuel costs incurred on daily basis. All these were all necessary for the success of the project. It can be argued that adequate funding was one of the factors that led to the success of Clem Jones Tunnel Project. Human resources on the other hand comprise of all the people who provided their skills, expertise as well as labour to ensure that the project was implemented successfully without delay. These also form a critical component of any project. Human resources are able to provide varied skills all which are helpful to a project. They are in position of converting sets of data into information that is useful for a project. The project comprised of 1700 staff members who provided their skills to ensure that the project was not faulty and was completed within time. Because of the nature of the project and the large number of staff, a RFID tagging system was used to locate them at any time. Safety measures Safety of both equipment and labour force is important for any project. If safety measures are not adhered to in any project, the number of accidents is likely to be more .This is likely to result to losses because of money that will be spent to replace destroyed equipment or to repair them. Additionally, it will also bring about extra costs as money will be spent to cater for medical expenses of the injured employees. For Clem Jones Tunnel Project sufficient safety measures were put in place to ensure that it was implemented successfully. Several cameras were installed in the tunnel for easier monitoring of operations which enabled taking of actions where necessary. RFID tagging system was also used to improve safety in the tunnel that was considered as hazardous and which had the potential of causing several accidents if care was not taken. Additionally, in the tunnel, there were cross passages spaced every 120 Metres which were designed to be used in case of emergencies. Adherence to safety precautions therefore, was also a success factor for the project. Comprehensive plan Planning involves organizing activities in an orderly manner for the purposes of achieving particular objectives. Planning is done beforehand and usually involves assessing how a particular activity will be carried out, who will be involved, what resources will be used, the source of these resources, the location of the activity among other considerations. Despite the fact that the idea of the project was first given back in the year 2001, it took 5 years for the project to commence. This was to ensure that all factors were considered and all preparations were made. Planning also involved identifying the resources that were necessary for the successful implementation of the project. Planning also ensured that the actual length of the tunnel as well as other features that were incorporated in the plan were analyzed to ensure that the project was successfully implemented. Defined objectives Projects are designed to help meet particular objectives, to alleviate a problem that had initially been identified or to make better a particular situation. Unless these objectives are met the project will not have served its purpose .There is need therefore of ensuring that project objectives are achieved so that they can be considered as having been successful. The major objective of Clen Jones project was to ease traffic and since it was achieved the project can be said to have succeeded because objectives were set beforehand and adhered to. Team work and good leadership Team work and good leadership also play a significant role in projects. Apart from expertise on the part of labour force and project leaders, how they work together and how they are led is quite important. There would be no success without good leadership and team work. River city Motorway limited which won the tender for the project was able to effectively manage and lead the over 1700 staff working in the project .Working as a team also ensured that the objectives of the projects were achieved since all effort was directed towards the same direction. These factors significantly contributed to the success of the project. Involvement of stakeholders Projects require collective efforts for successful implementation. Involvement of stakeholders is quite important for the success of any project (Patel 2008).The public is the most important stakeholder in government projects .In case of any benefits from the project; they will be the greatest beneficiaries and in case of any loss they will be the greatest losers. The members of the community were initially opposed to the project because they felt that the project would pollute the environment .However after they were given a listening ear and their opinions put into considerations the implementation of the project was able to be carried out smoothly without any significant challenges. Clen Jones project was a complex project with a number of challenges because of the challenging responsibilities that were required to be undertaken by the people working in the tunnel. A number of tools and techniques were used in the project implementation. PERT control and planning tool was used to define project tasks that were necessary for its successful implementation. This tool involved identifying the activities that would be carried out in the project; the sequence of various activities was then analyzed so that implementation would be carried out in the best and most satisfactory order possible. This is the tool that was used in estimating the time of the project. References: Berkun, S. (2008). Making things happen: mastering project management. Sebastopol, Calif, O'Reilly Media. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=443245. Collins, R. (2011). Project management. 1st ed. New York: Nova Science Publishers.. Chin, G. (2004). Agile project management: how to succeed in the face of changing project requirements. New York, AMACOM. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2005). Earned value project management. Newtown Square, Pa, Project Management Institute. https://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=13236. Harrison, F. L., LOCK, D. (2004). Advanced project management: a structured approach. Aldershot, England, Gower. Kerzner, H. (2004). Advanced project management: best practices on implementation. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. Kogon, K., Blakemore, S., Wood, J. (2015). Project Management for the Unofficial Project Manager A FranklinCovey Title. Dallas, Texas, BenBella Books, Inc. https://public.eblib.com/choice/PublicFullRecord.aspx?p=1922361. Larson, E. W., GRAY, C. F., Danlin, U., Honig, B., Bacarini, D. (2013). Project management: the managerial process. North Ryde, N.S.W., McGraw-Hill education. Lock, D. (2004). Project management in construction. Burlington, VT, Ashgate Pub. Co. Maylor, H. (2010). Project management. 1st ed. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Oppel, K. (2011). This dark endeavour. Oxford: David Fickling. Schmidt, T. (2009). Strategic project management made simple: practical tools for leaders and teams. Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons. https://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=9115. Thomsett, M. C. (2010). The little black book of project management. New York, American Management Association. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=472580. Young, T. L. (2013). Successful project management.

What My Vote Will Mean to Me free essay sample

To me, voting is an opportunity to have your voice be heard; an opportunity to have your voice combined with similar others to make a sound loud enough for change. Voting is a way of power for the average citizen. One of the reasons America was made a democracy was because it was important to the American citizens that the government to be about and for the people. This is why the system of voting was established. But my vote is more than an opinion, or even a stance. My vote is me exercising my rights as an American citizen. The United States of America prides in itself for its democratic government. We have a privilege that many other nations don’t have; the privilege to decide for ourselves for what we want in our government. Some countries, such as Russia and China, are ruled by dictators and the people have no say in the matters of their government. We will write a custom essay sample on What My Vote Will Mean to Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In these countries the dictator makes all the decisions with little or no consideration for what the people want. Other countries allow their citizens to vote but only allow one candidate to run for office. This is why it can’t be taken for granted, the freedom to vote. I believe that it is my duty as an American citizen to support the government in its democracy by voting. My vote will decide how my country will be run, what type of government it will have, and who will be in control. Everyone who votes, in some way changes history; John F Kennedy was a legendary President but he wouldn’t have gotten to that place of honor without being voted into office. So, in a sense, the voters also changed history. I want to change history with my vote like my grandfather did with his when he voted President Barack Obama into office. To me, voting is an opportunity to have a say in the running of my government, a privilege not to be taken for granted, and a chance to change America.

Health Care a Right or a Privilege free essay sample

Yet, in the United States it is considered more like a privilege for people who cannot afford to pay a health insurance due to its’ high costs. So, should all citizens have the right to health insurance? Or is it best to keep it as it is for the sake of our economy. Either a right or a privilege, both options will have consequences that may put the US in a serious situation in the long run. The big picture show that equality for all US citizens will never be reached in regards to this problem. Healthcare in the United States has been a debatable issue and will always be until a fair solution for all economic classes is found. According to Mary S. Koithan (1992) who is the president of the Nevada Nurses Association, â€Å"today more than 60 million people, or about 22 percent of the entire U. S. population, are either uninsured or underinsured, this fact alone cries out for health care reform† (para. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care a Right or a Privilege or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1). Looking at these numbers makes you think about how serious this issue really is. Yet, in other countries like Australia, Canada, and United Kingdom healthcare is provided to its’ citizens for free. However, funds to cover the highly costs of healthcare have to come out of somewhere; and all the citizens of that country must pay for it. The United States does not provide healthcare for free, thus making it seem as it is not a right for us but a privilege. Considering the government assistance provided for free in the United States to low income people is being abused; if healthcare is provided as well for free then it most likely will also be abused. According to Rachel Sheffield (2010), 1 out of 6 US citizens receive some form of government assistance; fifty million US citizens are on Medicaid, forty million citizens receive Food Stamps, 4. 4 million receive direct cash assistance, and 10 million receive unemployment benefits. If healthcare is provided for all citizens in general regardless of their economic status the money must come out of somewhere. The only way this right will be granted for all citizens in general is by increasing our taxes in order to fulfill the healthcare costs for all citizens.

Beautyism and Friends

Beautyism and Friends Beautyism and Friends Beautyism and Friends By Maeve Maddox It’s not in my two main dictionaries yet, but beautyism has found a place in the catalogue of English words ending in -ism: Beautyism in the Workplace: Disguised Discrimination Jawahar and Mattsson (2005) investigated sexism and beautyism effects in employment processes using experimental research. The suffix -ism has been a prolific source of English nouns since the Middle Ages, but this newest use, to form words that denote perceived superiority or discrimination, is fairly recent and has produced the following nouns: ageism: Prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a persons age; age discrimination, especially against the elderly. racism: prejudice and antagonism towards people of other races, especially those felt to be a threat to ones cultural or racial integrity or economic well-being. sexism: prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. beautyism: prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of physical attractiveness or lack of it. On the Ngram chart, the word racism begins a dramatic rise in the 1930s. Sexism and ageism begin their rise at the end of the 1960s. Beautyism barely shows in comparison with the others, but is on the graph beginning in 1971. The OED added these additional definitions for the use of the suffix -ism in 2004: a. Forming nouns with the sense ‘belief in the superiority of one [something] over another’; as racism, sexism, speciesism, etc. b. Forming nouns with the sense ‘discrimination or prejudice against on the basis of [something]; as ageism, bodyism, heightism, faceism, lookism, sizeism, weightism, etc. Some other uses of -ism To form nouns that name the process or completed action of a verb in -ize: baptize/baptism criticize/criticism, exorcize/exorcism plagiarize/plagiarism ostracize/ostracism To form nouns that name the action or conduct of a class of persons: hero/heroism patriot/patriotism despot/despotism To form the name of a system of theory or practice, sometimes on the name of the subject or object, and sometimes on the name of its founder: Arianism Buddhism Conservatism Puritanism Platonism Feminism To form a noun denoting a peculiarity or characteristic, especially of language: Americanism Gallicism archaism colloquialism solecism sophism witticism Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing Light10 Types of TransitionsQuiet or Quite?

Problem of evil Essay Example

Problem of evil Essay Example Problem of evil Paper Problem of evil Paper A) Objections Arising from Evil in the World, explain what is meant by this claim The word evil is a word which can be used very loosely, usually used to describe something we think to be morally wrong, something that when in inflicted on a person causes pain and suffering. However, if an evil act is committed by someone who has been in all other aspects good, does this act make this person evil? There are many different situations where evil acts could be done all with different circumstances and consequences. For example; at Auschwitz, so many guards were involved in the slaughter of massive amounts of Jews but it seems unlikely that all of them were evil. The actions may be considered evil but they were normalised by the sense of responsibility felt by the guards. In their eyes, they were carrying out a duty so the question of whether they are to be labelled evil is indefinite. There are two recognised categories which evil can fall under: Moral evil and Natural evil. Richard Swimburne, a modern day philosopher describes moral evil as including all evil caused deliberately by humans doing what they ought not to do, and also the evil constituted by such deliberate acts or negligent failure. It is the result of a human action which is morally wrong, such as murder or war. Natural evil is the result of apparent malfunctioning in the natural world, it is according to John Hick the evil that originates independently of human actions. It is in disease, in bacilli, in earthquakes, in storms, and in droughts. The fact that evil, or suffering is an undeniable factor in our lives presents an array of problems in todays world where there is a strong belief by many of a higher power which should in theory, be able to eradicate it from the world or in fact never have let it come to exist in the first place. For believers in the God of Classical Theism, this problem of evil as it is often referred to, creates a serious dilemma. Moral evil is an easier problem to tackle for a theist than that of Natural evil, as it can be said that it occurs from the misuse of freewill, but they are still faced with justifying the existence of Natural evil. If God created the world from nothing, then there is nothing beyond His control so for whatever reason, God must be the creator of evil and suffering. A theist can sometimes be faced with justifying both types of evil as natural evils like tsunamis and hurricanes are often the cause of people committing moral evils like looting. The problem is not easily justifiable and is illustrated in The Inconsistent Triad, which states the points: God is omnipotent and omniscient (A), God is all-loving (B), and evil exists (C). These three statements cannot all be true so it would seem that one of them is false, but since we know evil and suffering exist the inconsistency must lie in one of the other 2 points. The conclusions drawn from this are that either God is not omnipotent and cannot stop evil from existing, or that God is not all-loving and chooses not to stop evil existing, or that in fact God does not exist. This can be used as an argument for the non-existence of God. A quote from Swimburne on the Problem of Evil, There is a problem about why God allows evil, and if the theist doesnt have (in a cool moment) a satisfactory answer to it, then his belief in God is less than rational and there is no reason why the atheist should share it. An example of the problem being used in this way is in Humes combat of Thomas Aquinas Design Argument (Summa Thelogica) where he labels the Problem of Evil as The Rock of Atheism. However, whilst being a problem for theists in that it challenges the nature of God, it also poses problems in other ways. It presents itself as a philosophical problem as it compels the believer to accept conflicting claims that are logically impossible to reconcile. It is also a diverse problem; evil manifests itself in many different ways, demanding separate explanations. The problem of evil has proved itself to be a challenging problem, as it is not just going to disappear, evil and suffering are objective realities which are almost impossible to deny. B) Unpack two theodicies and analyse which how successful these are As I said, the justification of Gods allowance for the existence of evil is not easy, but there are many theodicies which have developed that provide strong arguments. A theodicy is a theory that justifies why God allows evil without qualifying the attributes of the God of Classical Theism. Two of which are those of Augustine and Irenaeus. Augustines theodicy has had considerable influence over many scholars since it was developed and attempts to provide justification for both moral and natural evil. According to Augustine, the perfect God created a flawless world where evil and suffering did not exist, and that God is not responsible for the existence of evil as it is not a substance, but in fact a deprivation of good. He uses an analogy of blindness to illustrate his meaning, as blindness itself is not an entity but an absence of sight. Augustine claims that evil comes from angels and humans who have deliberately turned against God and abused his gift of freewill. He states that evil is necessary in a created world as only the uncreated creator can be perfect, his creations are susceptible to change. Augustines idea on the existence of Natural evil is that it exists as a punishment for the Original Sin, which we are all guilty of as we were all seminally present in Adam at the time it was committed. Natural evil punishes us for the destruction of the natural order by human action. For these reasons God is right not to intervene and the fact that he does save some through Christ emphasises His mercy. God would be justified in sending everyone to hell for being guilty of the Original Sin, the fact that some go to heaven shows Gods goodness. Augustines theodicy has some substantial strengths, as is proved by its popularity. Brian Davies is an example of a scholar who supports his claim that evil is only a deprivation of good rather than having a proper existence, he said it is a gap between what there is and what there ought to be. To criticise would be to say that God should have created more than he did which doesnt make sense; how is anyone to know how much more should have been created. Augustines views on evil being a product of freewill have also been upheld. Despite its strengths, Augustines theodicy has many holes in it to be addressed, it contains logical, scientific, and moral difficulties. Augustines concept of Hell comes under scrutiny; Hell is part of Gods design of the universe, so it was created before the worlds flaws began to appear, which means that God must have anticipated and accepted that the world would go wrong. F.D.E Schleiermacher expresses his logical contradiction to Augustines views on the origin of evil and a perfect world going wrong, Schleiermacher informs us that whether evil is a deprivation or not it is still real and it is therefore logically impossible for it to just come out of nothing. This means that evil must be connected to God and he either never created the world perfect or he made it so it was able to falter. Another logical difficulty of this theodicy comes of the capacity to do evil in a perfect world and disobey God, as in a perfect world no knowledge of good and evil should exist. The knowledge of them could only come from God. Scientific difficulties stem from the modern worlds concept of evolution; the idea of a perfect world being damaged by humans does not allow for evolution. Moreover, Augustine refers to the Garden of Eden in his theodicy, and this paradise is hard to accept on the basis of evolution. A final difficulty lies with the concept of us all being seminally present in Adams loins, this is biologically impossible so we cannot all be responsible for the Original Sin. From comparing the strengths with the criticisms we can see that Augustines theodicy ultimately fails. The theodicy of Irenaeus is another which provides a formidable answer to the question of why God allows evils existence. As said by Irenaeus, Gods aim when creating the world was to make humans in his likeness, but to do this, humans could not be made perfect but had to develop through free will. It was therefore necessary for God to give us free will and therefore necessary to give us the potential to turn against him. If he didnt enable this, we could never attain Gods likeness as according to Ireneaus it requires willing co-operation. The natural order had to be designed in a way where humans could cause harm, which they did resulting in suffering, but God still cannot compromise our freedom by removing evil. Ireneaus claims that the evil and suffering will eventually be overcome and everyone will attain Gods likeness and reside in Heaven. This justifies temporary evil, which if complying with Ireneaus thought enables the understanding of good. Many philosophers have added to Ireneaus theodicy including John Hick (who claims that good developed from free will is better than ready-made goodness), and Peter Vardy who used an analogy of a king to illustrate this where a king falls in love with a peasant girl but rather than imposing his power on her and forcing him to marry her, he wins her over. They both believe that without development our goodness would be without value, we would be automatons. According to this theodicy, humans had to be created imperfect to be able to go against God, and they had to be created at a distance from God so they could decide for themselves to believe in him. If we were sure he was there, there would be no free will, John Hick called this the epistemic distance. If God wasnt separated from humans we would know he was real and would live a good, moral life because we would know that it is in our best interests, it wouldnt be real goodness. Humans also couldnt be created in a paradise or else qualities such as courage would not be attainable and there would be no development as good and evil would be indistinguishable. The theodicy justifies natural evil as it makes the world well adapted to soul making (John Hick). The Modern Additions to this theodicy claim that heaven is the eventual goal for everyone for three reasons; a future in heaven is the only justification for the suffering of the world. Secondly, if life were to end in death Gods purpose would be unfulfilled since we would not be reaching our goal of becoming Gods likeness. Lastly, nobody can be overlooked as evil acts are carried out in different circumstances for different people. For example, someone who was abused while being raised is much more likely to be abusive as an adult, it is something they are used to and have become desensitised to. There are solid criticisms of Irenaeus theodicy as well as Augustines: For example, everyone going to heaven defies religious texts as well as making it pointless to live a moral life, why bother if you are going to heaven anyway? It also takes away the incentive to develop into Gods likeness which Irenaeus regarded of utmost importance. Another critique is of the level of suffering needed to make the world adapted for soul making, e.g. Was the Holocaust really necessary? Finally, it can be said that love can never be expressed through suffering, supported by D.Z Philips who said it is not justifiable to hurt someone to help them. To conclude, neither of these theodicies can be considered perfect by any means, but Ireneaus is the stronger of the two. Where Augustine fails to provide room for belief in evolution, Ireneaus manages it and while Augustine cannot provide a logical explanation for the origin of evil, Irenaeus provides a stable reason for it. It is also popular, like Augustines for its views on free will.

Making Six-Figures as an Indie Author

Making Six-Figures as an Indie Author It may seem like a pipe dream, but indie authors can make serious cash. I know quite a few who bring in six-figures, and After much research and observation, I’ve come up with seven key things needed to bring in the big bucks. 1.  Ã‚     Treat writing like a job. If you want the money, you have to put in the time. All of the authors I know making six-figures have many books in their backlist. Most have thirty books or more. To get there, you need to be writing every day. Make a daily word count goal and make yourself accountable to it. It might seem impossible to publish as much as they have, but don’t cut yourself short. Writing is a skill. The more you do it, the faster and better you’ll get at it. 2.  Ã‚     Stay positive. It’s going to take a lot of motivation to publish thirty books. Just remember, with every book you publish, you’re adding to your monthly paycheck. Don’t expect to get rich on one book. Take a more measured strategy and go for the long tail. There are many authors getting large checks each month who haven’t hit the NYT’s bestseller list with a book. Keep a steady goal in mind and push yourself to get there. 3.  Ã‚     Research the market. It won’t do you any good to publish thirty books if no one is buying them. Go to Amazon and look at the indie books making bank in your genre. What do they have in common? Buy at least ten and read them. List similarities and tropes that are pulling the readers in. Find common themes. Then find a way to weave similar things into your own books, in your own world. This is called writing to market. Don’t treat it like it’s a dirty thing. It’s another tool in your writing toolbox. Buy books on how to write to market as an indie author and use that tool. It doesn’t mean you can’t ever write a book just for the love of writing. You can do both. 4.  Ã‚     Hone your craft. Don’t ever think you’re done learning how to write. Go to conferences and take classes and workshops. Work with a critique group. Read all the top books on writing in your genre. Even if you’ve read it all, keep going. You might just find something new click into place. 5.  Ã‚     Make yourself look professional. Hire a cover designer and an editor. The last thing you want to do is put your book in a poorly designed package. If you’re not a graphic designer, hire one. Pay an editor. Don’t skimp out on these things or your pocketbook will suffer. 6.  Ã‚     Hang out with other successful authors. No need to re-invent the wheel. Surround yourself with indie authors who have all these things figured out and listen to them. Join an author Facebook group and read the posts. Authors are a sharing bunch. They’ll tell you what ads are working and what to avoid. They talk about what books to read or what YouTube videos to watch. If you’re not doing this, you’re going to get left in the dust. (I recommend 20Booksto50K.) 7.  Ã‚     Don’t be afraid to give your work away. I admit I owe much of my success to giving out ARC’s and making my books free on Amazon. It’s a marketing strategy. Watch the lucrative authors and see how they do it successfully. There’s no guarantee your books will sell well. However, looking at what high-dollar indie authors do and following in their footsteps will give you a better chance to succeed. It’s not an impossible dream. Set those goals and go write.

Everyman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Everyman - Essay Example cularly reflected at the beginning of the text when God laments that the attention of human beings has been turned away from what they should pay attention to. â€Å"I perceive, here in my majesty/How that all creatures be to me unkind/Living without dread in worldly prosperity./Drowned in sin, they know me not for their God† (Donaldson 2121)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is an irony that the material wealth, which God said has come between him and his creatures, is not able to buy salvation for Everyman. Material wealth is also unable to win his friends over to his side even to the point of death. Of course, he must have affected the lives of fellowship, kindred, cousin, material goods and knowledge who all neglect him when he needs them the most. In spite of the fact that â€Å"money maketh all right that is wrong† (Donaldson 2131), Material Goods is unable to buy everyman salvation. Only good deed stays with him. Hence, the impression one gets is that the best money can do for any individual is to enable them make friends that will not stay during their time of trials and tribulations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, it is not the case that material wealth is depicted in no good light in the text because the reader, through the character of Everyman, is made to realize that Knowledge about what to do and what not to do will help one from making the kind of mistake that almost leads to the doom of the eponymous character. When one gets knowledge, others like discretion, strength, his five wits, and beauty will come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the entire play, despite the fact that Everyman could have been followed by others, only Good Deeds follow him into the heavenly expanse. The bottom-line that is presented in the Morality Play, â€Å"Everyman†, is that all things might desert one (even wealth), only good deed will remain. Therefore, humans are encouraged not to give premium to material wealth over and above good deeds. This is despite the fact that

Introduction to Brand Management (Cadbury Dairy Milk) Coursework

Introduction to Brand Management (Cadbury Dairy Milk) - Coursework Example Being unique is the ultimate goal of branding. Cadbury Dairy Milk offers a wide range of products in different countries all over the world. These products range from chocolate bars of different flavors to additives that can be used in beverages. This ensures the company to cater to a wider base of consumers who have different tastes. For a brand to be competitive and successful a company should customize its products according to the needs of its consumers and make it appealing to them (Ahonen 2008). Cadbury has used brighter colors on its chocolate bars and beverage additives so at to assist consumers to spot their favorite bars on the shelf and make their products attractive to capture more consumers. To stand out as the leading organization in the confectionery industry, Cadbury maintain uniformity and consistency. Uniformity ensures that its products all over the world have the same taste and quality. Consistency is to ensure that ingredients of the products do not vary a lot, for instance, a situation where similar products tend to differ in the sugar levels, color, among others. Having a flawless brand enables consumers to have a good perception of the products, and they will tend to purchase them whenever they are out for shopping. Cadbury Dairy Milk has risen to greater heights through its quality branding, and this has made their consumers develop trust towards the company’s products, ensuring repeated purchases of their products by their consumers. In addition, individuals who have never used their products can also buy their products due to the trust they have developed from its quality branding as they are sure even their products will satisfy them (Laforet & Saunders 2005). Brand Awareness is the magnitude to which a service or product is known by prospective consumers and is appropriately related to a specific product. It is associated with the functions of brand identities in the

Principles of International Insurance Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Principles of International Insurance Law - Essay Example Did it operate as an inducement to the insurer to enter into the policy In order to be entitled to avoid a contract of insurance or reinsurance on the ground of non-disclosure the insurer must show both that the fact not disclosed was material, and that its non-disclosure induced the contract. To be material a fact did not have to have a decisive influence on the mind of the prudent underwriter. The test is as stated in subsections 18(2) and 20(2) which relate to non-disclosure and misrepresentation respectively and which set out the common law principles relevant to non-marine (as well as marine) insurance. The material non-disclosure or misrepresentation must induce the contract. It is not sufficient that the non-disclosure or misrepresentation is material. ". . . there is to be implied in the Act of 1906 a qualification that a material representation will not entitle the underwriter to avoid the policy unless the misrepresentation induced the making of the contract, using "induced " in the sense in which it is used in the general law of contract" and "in practice the line between misrepresentation and non-disclosure is often imperceptible." The claimants insured their yacht with the defendants for a value as certified by an independent valuer. The defendants claimed he had misrepresented the value in the proposal. The words 'sum insured' indicated a ceiling on a claim on an unvalued policy. There was no indication from the insurers on the proposal form that they would agree the value, but rather they asked only for the value to be insured. The policy was therefore an unvalued policy. HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd and Others -v- Chase Manhattan Bank and Others [2001] 1 Lloyd's Rep 30 19 Sep 2000 QBD Aikens J Insurance, Media Casemap 1 Citers As a contract for speculation, a duty of utmost good faith is not implied in a contract insurance. The duty of disclosure by an insured can be limited by the contract as can the freedom of the insurance company to avoid liability. If the wording is clear enough, even a deliberate non-disclosure amounting concealment might be excused. Nevertheless the contract might be rescindable at the option of the insurer. Court: California Appellate Districts Topic: Civil Procedure, Contracts, Injury And Tort Law, Insurance Law Title: Wilson v. 21st Century Ins. Co. Date: 01/30/06 Case Number: B180323 Summary: Summary judgment for defendant-insurer in an action for breach of contract and tortious bad faith in adjusting plaintiff's underinsured motorist claim is reversed where triable issues of fact existed as to whether defendant failed to thoroughly investigate and evaluate plaintiff's claim, and plaintiff was entitled to additional discovery. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/viewcase.plcourt=0&subject=Insurance+Law&casenum=&party=&date1=&date3=&date2=&search=Search The insured purchased a house, converted it to two apartments and left Cape Breton to find work in British Columbia. The house remained vacant

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 39

Case study - Essay Example It must be noted that at the present moment my career as well as family life are in harmony. On the one hand, I am able to pay sufficient amount of attention towards matter that contribute to my development as a professional. On the other hand, I feel that I always have to spend with my family and I can hardly recall any instances when I had to experience any difficulties because of work in terms of my work life balance. Nevertheless, if I think about the issue in question in the long run, I might point out that the mindset of corporate America does not really suit me when it comes to harmonizing work and family. I see that the government has taken a rather radical position with regard to maternity leave. I do acknowledge the fact that capitalism and free market by far constitute the fundamental beliefs of the American way of life; however, similar to many people, I am strongly convinced that the government is able to do better when it comes to caring after its citizens. If 160 other countries in the world were able to adopt a similar practice and did not collapse, then the United States might follow the suit as well (Shaw & Barry, 2015, 451). The question whether the United States should require companies to provide paid maternity leave is extremely controversial. On the one hand, this is exactly what people want it to. In spite of the fact that there are numerous generations of families who raised their children without paid maternity leave, the majority of the public feels that this might be a valuable contribution to their welfare. On the other hand, there is a considerable number of people who dislike socialism and would oppose to any elements of it being introduced into the capitalistic American society. That is why the government should not require companies to provide paid maternity leave as it would distort the economic environment within the country. In addition to that, if a company

Boots Plc and Sainsbury Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Boots Plc and Sainsbury Plc - Essay Example At the end of the report, the financial and non-financial factors that are critical to the future performance of both the companies are presented. Both the companies, Boots and Sainsbury are well-known names in retail industry. United Kingdom is the centre of the companies’ major business operations and although both the companies run their business outside the country also, but most of the companies’ sales are from the UK segment. The Boots Plc Group’s major activities include retailing of chemists’ merchandise, the provision of opticians’ and other healthcare services, the development, manufacture and marketing of healthcare and consumer products. The group’s major business segments include Boots The Chemists, Boots Opticians, Boots Healthcare International and Boots Retail International (Boots Plc Annual Reports, accessed 23/11/2005) Boots the Chemist operates over 1,400 stores, where in nearly every store there is a pharmacist to offer guidance and help on healthcare matters. J Sainsbury Plc is a leading UK food retailer with interests in financial services. It consists of Sainsbury's Supermarkets, Sainsbury's Local, Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores and JB Beaumont, Sainsbury's to You and Sainsbury's Bank. It employs 153,000 people A large Sainsbury's Supermarket offers around 30,000 products, 50% of these are Sainsbury's own brand including fresh produce. In addition to a wide rang e of quality food and grocery products, many stores offer delicatessen, meat and fish counters, pharmacies, coffee shops, restaurants and petrol stations (Company Overview, accessed 24/11/2005) The comparison and analysis of these two companies' financial performance and position has been broken down into sections so as to be useful for various users of the company's financial statements. It will be of assistance to the companies' management in assessing their performance over the recent year and making plans to overcome any future risks and failures. The companies' investors would find this comparison beneficial in order to decide on which company to choose for investment and which company offers better investment potential. The lenders would benefit from this report in terms of being aware of the companies' solvency and liquidity position. PART B: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS Analysis From Management's Viewpoint A company's management is concerned with the financial results of its performance over the year that shows the management's capability and efficiency to generate sales and profit for the business effectively. The following ratios would be helpful in analysing both the companies from the management's viewpoint: Return on Capital Employed Boots Plc Sainsbury Plc 18.83% 1.64% The Return on Capital Employed ratio shows how much a company earns on the investment made in the assets. Boots Plc's return on capital employed ratio reveals a much profitable snapshot of the company's performance whereas Sainsbury Plc's financial results exhibit a much weaker position of the company in utilising its assets towards profit generation as compared to Boots Plc. Gross Profit Ratio Boots Plc Sainsbury Plc 46.13% 4.12% The Gross Profit ratio analyses the company's profit margin before accounting for various operating costs. Therefore, it represents the profit margin after accounting for cost of sales. Here, Boots Plc's financial results show that company is getting more profit on its sales after accounting

The Federalist Papers, James Madison Essay Example for Free

The Federalist Papers, James Madison Essay In the Federalist Papers, James Madison and others outline their logic both in favor of and against ratification of the Constitution.   One of the largest parts of these arguments was the discussion of separation of powers and functions.   James Madison outlined one problem inherent in having a multi-branched government—namely the idea of encroachment. He viewed this as a problem with several sources and proposed several solutions.   The Constitution redresses the problem of encroachment in several ways.   He also feels that in the views of today, we must evaluate if Madison was correct in perceiving encroachment as a problem.    We must also evaluate if Madison’s source was correct.   Madison also felt that the new Constitution did not violate a basic political maxim of having the political departments separate and distinct. First of all, we must define what Madison means by â€Å"encroachment.†Ã‚   In Federalist 47, Madison uses the British government’s constitution as a basis for his definition.   At its core, encroachment is where each branch of government encroaches upon the powers and duties of the other branches of government. Under the British system, he says, â€Å"the executive magistrate forms an integral part of the legislative authority.   He alone has the perogative of making treaties with foreign sovereigns, which, when made, have, under certain limitations, the force of legislative acts (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚   Additionally, â€Å"all the members of the judiciary department are appointed by him, can be removed by him on the address of the two Houses of Parliament, and form, when he pleases to consult them, one of his constitutional councils (Madison, 1788).† Also in Federalist 47, Madison identifies the sources of encroachment.   To whit, the sources of encroachment are the very states themselves.   He gives several examples, but points out that in each case, there is an â€Å"eye to the danger of improperly blending the different departments (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete distinction of the various branches, while an ideal goal to aspire to, was nearly impossible to gain simply because the nature of governance made each branch dependent upon each other. Madison viewed this as a problem because he felt that â€Å"the nature of a free government will admit; or as is consistent with that chain of connection that binds the whole fabric of the constitution in one dissoluble bond of unity and amity (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚   In other words, laws are made and executed by the same body, tyranny will almost certainly result.   Additionally, he felt that the governing bodies would misunderstand that pre-established limits and would not work within them, thus expanding their powers when making decisions and intentionally or not encroaching upon the different branches of government. Madison proposed several things that would help control encroachment.   One of the proposals was adopted at the Constitutional Convention.   That is, to have a lack of a hereditary monarch.   This would help usurp tyranny because placing limitations on the length and extent of the executive’s power and tenure would also control encroachment. Of all the departments, Madison was most fearful of the legislative.   Its far-reaching powers would lead most definitely to encroachment.   Additionally, he said that the assembly would seek to â€Å"indulge all their jealousy and exhaust all their precautions (Madison 1788).†Ã‚   In other words, the assembly would be more prone to encroachment because it had power over who would fill the positions in other departments—from cabinet positions to judgeships, the legislature encroaches on nearly every aspect of every department. The next solution Madison proposed was the appealing to the people through a convention.   This concept was brought forth in Federalist 49.   His idea was to call a convention whenever two of the three branches â€Å"shall concur in opinion, each by the voices of two-thirds of their whole number (Madison, 1788).† This convention would be a â€Å"convention †¦ necessary for altering the Constitution or correcting breaches of it (Madison, 1788).†   Madison thought this was the ultimate solution in correcting encroachments into each of the different departments.   He states quite forcefully in Federalist 50 that PERIODICAL appeals are the proper and adequate means of PREVENTING AND CORRECTING INFRACTIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION (Madison, 1788).† Finally, Madison proposed giving each department a constitutional means to resist encroachment.   This would definitely end the encroachment problem as Madison saw it, because each department would be armed to deal with any encroachments.   He saw the largest chance of encroachment to come from the legislative branch and to keep it from becoming too powerful, he proposed dividing the legislature into branches with a different election schedule and different functions, and therefore they are as little connected as possible (Madison, 1788). The Constitution redresses the idea of encroachment very easily.   It simply divides the three branches of government and assigns certain powers to each.   For example, the legislative branch does exactly that, legislates, but in order to completely do its job, it requires the executive branch to sign the bills into laws and provide a budget.   The other check on legislative power is the judicial branch.   The judicial branch makes sure that the legislative branch does not overstep its authority by passing laws detrimental to the American people. We must evaluate in our twenty first century vision if Madison did indeed get this problem right.   Is encroachment as big a problem as Madison thought, or is it simply a necessary evil?   Is encroachment as it exists, and its sources as Madison saw them, correct?   Do his solutions work in a twenty first century context or do they simply stonewall an already slow and arduous process?   These are the questions that we need to answer in order to apply Madison’s ideas to our modern governance. Encroachment as Madison saw it is a problem, but a necessary evil.   Because of our delicate democracy, we must have some level of encroachment among the departments.   The whole concept of checks and balances revolves around the idea that each department must necessarily encroach upon the power of another to keep it from moving outside its constitutional powers.   The sources as Madison saw them were indeed correct.   The traditions created by the writers of the state constitutions created the problem of encroachment.   Since the problem was so entrenched, divorcing encroachment in the states from encroachment in the federal government is nearly impossible. Tradition is a very hard thing to get rid of, and Madison was right to see it, but wrong to try to eliminate it from the federal mà ©lange.   Madison’s solutions are somewhat beneficial, as some are already in place, but others would be too difficult to implement and would stonewall an already slow and arduous process.   The limitation of the extent and duration keeps the executive from becoming too powerful.   The legislature already limits encroachment due to its expansive lawmaking abilities and duties. How did Madison not feel the new Constitution not violate that political maxim of not blending the three branches of government?   The answer is that they did not blend.   Each department is separate and distinct, with its own set of duties and responsibilities, yet each is dependent on the others so each does not gain too much power. Madison also feels that there are â€Å"means and personal motives (1788)† that will help maintain the separation of powers as defined in the Constitution.   By this, Madison means that the people that run the department should have constitutional means at their disposal in order to be able to resist the encroachments of the other branches.   He feels that human nature is such that people would make a grab for power, and such means should be in place â€Å"to control the abuses of government (Madison, 1788).†Ã‚   Constitutional restrictions would keep such grabs from happening, and control the machinations of people intent on tyranny. The Jeffersonian strict separation of powers would not work in a flexible and dynamic government.   It would be a recipe for tyranny.   By having strict separation of powers, there would be no checks on the powers of each branch, and each branch would be allowed to become almost as powerful as it wanted. The legislative branch could push through legislation of its choosing with no regards for the power of the presidency and the judicial.   The judicial could kill any legislation it did not like and pass law from the bench, and the presidency could overrun the other two branches.   This would set up a situation of tyranny that would never be able to be rectified.   However, Madison (1788) tells us that â€Å"in republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates.†Ã‚   His solution was to divide the legislature into parts, thus emasculating it to keep it from overrunning the other two branches. Madison got the idea of encroachment right.   From his perspective, encroachment was a problem with easy solutions.   Even though it was entrenched in our society from colonial days, the establishment of the three branches of government along with assigned powers assured that there would be no encroachment of one branch onto another.   Some of his solutions were easy, while others were more difficult.   Madison would be proud of what has been accomplished and would be a welcomed visitor in our time.   He would be a sage advisor and would be able to give us insight into how our constitution was designed to work and would give us direction on where to go next.   We need to continue to look at his words for insight and input in order to make our Constitution a more living, breathing document. Works Cited Madison, James. Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention. The Federalist Papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No. 49, 01 Feb 1788   6 Mar 2009 http://wwwfounding fathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. The Particular Structure of the New Government and The Distribution of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Power Among Its Different Parts. The Federalist Papers No. 47, 01 Feb 1788   6 Mar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. Periodical Appeals to the People Considered. The Federalist Papers No. 50, 05 Feb 1788   6 Mar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Balances Between the Different Departments. The Federalist Papers No. 51 08, Feb   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1788   6 Mar 2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers. Madison, James. These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Constitutional Control Over Each Other. The Federalist Papers No. 48, 05 Feb 1788   6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mar 2009 http://wwwfoundingfathers.info/federalistpapers.